Linux maintainers were infected for 2 years by SSH-dwelling backdoor with huge reach | Ars Technica
yikes.
Infrastructure used to maintain and distribute the Linux operating system kernel was infected for two years, starting in 2009, by sophisticated malware that managed to get a hold of one of the developers’ most closely guarded resources: the /etc/shadow files that stored encrypted password data for more than 550 system users, researchers said Tuesday.
(tags: passwords kernel linux security hacks malware kernel.org)
Justin's Linklog Posts
American Headache Society recommend CGRP therapies for “first-line” migraine treatment
This is big news for migraine treatment, and a good indicator of how reliable and safe these new treatments are, compared to the previous generation: “All migraine preventive therapies previously considered to be first-line treatments were developed for other indications and adopted later for migraine. Adherence to these therapies is often poor due to issues with efficacy and tolerability. Multiple new migraine-specific therapies have been developed based on a broad foundation of pre-clinical and clinical evidence showing that CGRP plays a key role in the pathogenesis of migraine. These CGRP-targeting therapies have had a transformational impact on the management of migraine but are still not widely considered to be first-line approaches.” [….] “The CGRP-targeting therapies should be considered as a first-line approach for migraine prevention […] without a requirement for prior failure of other classes of migraine preventive treatment.” I hope to see this elsewhere soon, too — and I’m also hoping to be prescribed my first CGRP treatments soon so I can reap the benefits myself; migraines have been no fun.
Should people with Long Covid be donating blood?
Leading Long Covid and ME researchers and patient-advocates who spoke with The Sick Times largely agreed that blood donation could worsen a patient’s symptoms. However, they also cited concerns about a growing body of research that shows a variety of potential issues in the blood of people with Long Covid which could make their blood unsafe for recipients. “Based on the levels of inflammatory markers and microclots we have seen in blood samples from both Long Covid and ME/CFS, I do not think the blood is safe to be used for transfusion,” said Resia Pretorius, a leading Long Covid researcher and distinguished professor from the physiological sciences department at Stellenbosch University in South Africa.
(tags: me-cfs long-covid covid-19 blood-transfusion medicine)
UN expert attacks ‘exploitative’ world economy in fight to save planet
Outgoing UN special rapporteur on human rights and the environment from 2018 to 2024, David Boyd, says ‘there’s something wrong with our brains that we can’t understand how grave this is’:
“I started out six years ago talking about the right to a healthy environment having the capacity to bring about systemic and transformative changes. But this powerful human right is up against an even more powerful force in the global economy, a system that is absolutely based on the exploitation of people and nature. And unless we change that fundamental system, then we’re just re-shuffling deck chairs on the Titanic.” “The failure to take a human rights based approach to the climate crisis – and the biodiversity crisis and the air pollution crisis – has absolutely been the achilles heel of [anti-climate-change] efforts for decades. “I expect in the next three or four years, we will see court cases being brought challenging fossil fuel subsidies in some petro-states … These countries have said time and time again at the G7, at the G20, that they’re phasing out fossil-fuel subsidies. It’s time to hold them to their commitment. And I believe that human rights law is the vehicle that can do that. In a world beset by a climate emergency, fossil-fuel subsidies violate states’ fundamental, legally binding human rights obligations.” […] Boyd said: “There’s no place in the climate negotiations for fossil-fuel companies. There is no place in the plastic negotiations for plastic manufacturers. It just absolutely boggles my mind that anybody thinks they have a legitimate seat at the table. “It has driven me crazy in the past six years that governments are just oblivious to history. We know that the tobacco industry lied through their teeth for decades. The lead industry did the same. The asbestos industry did the same. The plastics industry has done the same. The pesticide industry has done the same.”
(tags: human-rights law david-boyd un climate-change fossil-fuels)
Ordnance Survey Maps Six-Inch Ireland, 1829-1969
The National Library of Scotland have done a great job displaying these historical OS maps of Ireland as a zoomable overlay layer on modern maps
(tags: ordnance-survey ireland history 19th-century maps mapping)
UniSuper members go a week with no account access after Google Cloud misconfig | Hacker News
This is a staggering fail by Google — Google Cloud accidentally deleted a company’s *entire cloud environment* (UniSuper, an Australian pensions company, which manages $80B). The company had backups in another region, but GCP deleted those too. Luckily, they had yet more backups on another provider. They were only convinced to migrate to GCP last year, and then this. Looking forward to the root cause analysis…. (via Last Week in AWS)
(tags: gcp google fail unisuper account-deletion ops nightmare)
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Bridgy Fed connects web sites, the fediverse, and Bluesky. You can use it to make your profile on one visible in another, follow people, see their posts, and reply and like and repost them. Interactions work in both directions as much as possible.
About a year ago, I installed a solar PV system at my home. I wound up with a set of 14 panels on my roof, which can produce a max of 5.6 kilowatts output, and a 4.8 kW Dyness battery to store any excess power.
Since my car is an EV, I already had a home car charger installed, but chose to upgrade this to a MyEnergi Zappi at the same time, as the Zappi has some good features to charge from solar power only — and part of that feature set involved adding a Harvi power monitor.
With HomeAssistant, I’ve been able to extract metrics from both the MyEnergi components and the Solis inverter for the solar PV system, and can publish those from HomeAssistant to my Graphite store, where my home Grafana can access them — and I can thoroughly nerd out on building an optimal dashboard.
I’ve gone through a couple of iterations, and here’s the current top-line dashboard graph which I’m quite happy with…
Let’s go through the components to explain it. First off, the grid power:
Grid Import sans Charging
This is power drawn from the grid, instead of from the solar PV system. Ideally, this is minimised, but generally after about 8pm at night the battery is exhausted, and the inverter switches to run the house’s power needs from the grid.
In this case, there are notable spikes just after midnight, where the EV charge is topped up by a scheduled charge on the Zappi, and then a couple of short duration load spikes of 2kW from some appliance or another over the course of the night.
(What isn’t visible on this graph is a longer spike of 2kW charging from 07:00 until about 08:40, when a scheduled charge on the Solis inverter charges the house batteries to 100%, in order to load shift — I’m on the Energia Smart Data contract, which gives cheap power between 23:00 and 08:00. Since this is just a scheduled load shift, I’ve found it clearer to leave it off, hence “sans charging”.)
Solar Generation
This is the power generated by the panels; on this day, it peaked at 4kW (which isn’t bad for an Irish slightly sunny day in April).
To Battery From Solar
Power charged from the panels to the Dyness battery. As can be seen here, during the period from 06:50 to 09:10, the battery charged using virtually all of the panels’ power output. From then on, it periodically applied short spikes of up to 1kW, presumably to maintain optimal battery operation.
From Battery
Pretty much any time the batteries are not charging, they are discharging at a low rate. So even during the day time with high solar output, there’s a little bit of battery drain going on — until 20:00 when the solar output has tailed off and the battery starts getting used up.
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Grid Export
This covers excess power, beyond what can be used directly by the house, or charged to the battery; the excess is exported back to the power grid, at the (currently) quite generous rate of 24 cents per kilowatt-hour.
Rendering
All usages of solar power (either from battery or directly from PV) are rendered as positive values, above the 0 axis line; usage of (expensive) grid power is represented as negative, below the line.
For clarity, a number of lines are stacked:
From Battery (orange) and Solar Generation (green) are stacked together, since those are two separate complementary power sources in the PV system.
Grid Export (blue) and To Battery From Solar (yellow) are also stacked together, since those are subsets of the (green) Solar Generation block.
The grafana dashboard JSON export is available here, if you’re curious.
Pokémon Go Players Invent Fake Beaches on Real Maps to Catch Rare Wigletts
File under “the street finds its own uses for things”, OpenStreetMap edition
(tags: games weird pokemon openstreetmap osm mapping crowdsourcing side-effects exploits)
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Via arclight on Mastodon ( https://oldbytes.space/@arclight/112367348253414752 ): spreadsheet authors/developers have an accuracy rate of 96%-99% when writing new formulas (and, of course, there are no unit tests in the world of spreadsheets). As they put it: “the uncomfortable truth is that any but the most trivial spreadsheets contain errors. It’s not a question of if there are errors, it’s a question of how many and how severe.”
In the spreadsheet error community, both academics and practitioners generally have ignored the rich findings produced by a century of human error research. These findings can suggest ways to reduce errors; we can then test these suggestions empirically. In addition, research on human error seems to suggest that several common prescriptions and expectations for reducing errors are likely to be incorrect. Among the key conclusions from human error research are that thinking is bad, that spreadsheets are not the cause of spreadsheet errors, and that reducing errors is extremely difficult. In past EuSpRIG conferences, many papers have shown that most spreadsheets contain errors, even after careful development. Most spreadsheets, in fact, have material errors that are unacceptable in the growing realm of compliance laws. Given harsh penalties for non-compliance, we are under considerable pressure to develop good practice recommendations for spreadsheet developers and testers. If we are to reduce errors, we need to understand errors. Fortunately, human error has been studied for over a century across a number of human cognitive domains, including linguistics, writing, software development and testing, industrial processes, automobile accidents, aircraft accidents, nuclear accidents, and algebra, to name just a few. The research that does exist is disturbing because it shows that humans are unaware of most of their errors. This “error blindness” leads people to many incorrect beliefs about error rates and about the difficulty of detecting errors. In general, they are overconfident, substantially underestimating their own error rates and overestimating their ability to reduce and detect errors. This “illusion of control” also leads them to hold incorrect beliefs about spreadsheet errors, such as a belief that most errors are due to spreadsheet technology or to sloppiness rather than being due primarily to inherent human error.
(tags: spreadsheets errors programming coding bugs research papers via:arclight)
The Immich core team goes full-time
Interesting — the Immich photo hosting open source project is switching IP ownership, and core team employment, to a private company:
Since the beginning of this adventure, my goal has always been to create a better world for my children. Memories are priceless, and privacy should not be a luxury. However, building quality open source has its challenges. Over the past two years, it has taken significant dedication, time, and effort. Recently, a company in Austin, Texas, called FUTO contacted the team. FUTO strives to develop quality and sustainable open software. They build software alternatives that focus on giving control to users. From their mission statement: “Computers should belong to you, the people. We develop and fund technology to give them back.” FUTO loved Immich and wanted to see if we’d consider working with them to take the project to the next level. In short, FUTO offered to: Pay the core team to work on Immich full-time Let us keep full autonomy about the project’s direction and leadership Continue to license Immich under AGPL Keep Immich’s development direction with no paywalled features Keep Immich “built for the people” (no ads, data mining/selling, or alternative motives) Provide us with financial, technical, legal, and administrative support
Here are FUTO’s “three pledges”:We will never sell out. All FUTO companies and FUTO-funded projects are expected to remain fiercely independent. They will never exacerbate the monopoly problem by selling out to a monopolist. We will never abuse our customers. All FUTO companies and FUTO-funded projects are expected to maintain an honest relationship with their customers. Revenue, if it exists, comes from customers paying directly for software and services. “The users are our product” revenue models are strictly prohibited. We will always be transparently devoted to making delightful software. All FUTO-funded projects are expected to be open-source or develop a plan to eventually become so. No effort will ever be taken to hide from the people what their computers are doing, to limit how they use them, or to modify their behavior through their software.
I’m not 100% clear on how FUTO will make money, but this is a very interesting move.(tags: futo immich open-source photos agpl ip ownership work how-we-work)
How did Ethernet get its 1500-byte MTU?
Now this is a great bit of networking trivia!
1500 bytes is a bit out there as numbers go, or at least it seems that way if you touch computers for a living. It’s not a power of two or anywhere close, it’s suspiciously base-ten-round, and computers don’t care all that much about base ten, so how did we get here? Well, today I learned that if you add the Ethernet header – 36 bytes – then an MTU of 1500 plus that header is 1536 bytes, which is 12288 bits, which takes 2^12 microseconds to transmit at 3Mb/second, and because the Xerox Alto computer for which Ethernet was invented had an internal data path that ran at 3Mhz, then you could just write the bits into the Alto’s memory at the precise speed at which they arrived, saving the very-expensive-then cost of extra silicon for an interface or any buffering hardware. Now, “we need to pick just the right magic number here so we can take data straight off the wire and blow it directly into the memory of this specific machine over there” is, to any modern sensibilities, lunacy. It’s obviously, dangerously insane, there are far too many computers and bad people with computers in the world for that. But back when the idea of network security didn’t exist because computers barely existed, networks mostly didn’t exist and unvetted and unsanctioned access to those networks definitely didn’t exist, I bet it seemed like a very reasonable tradeoff. It really is amazing how many of the things we sort of ambiently accept as standards today, if we even realize we’re making that decision at all, are what they are only because some now-esoteric property of the now-esoteric hardware on which the tech was first invented let the inventors save a few bucks.
(tags: ethernet networking magic-numbers via:itc hardware history xerox alto)
Heather Burns farewells Ross Anderson
Worth it for this fantastic single sentence quote from Anderson:
“The idea that complex social problems are amenable to cheap technical solutions is the siren song of the software salesman and has lured many a gullible government department on to the rocks.”
touché…(tags: aphorisms ross-anderson tech risks government technology)
ChatGPT provides false information about people, and OpenAI can’t correct it
NOYB.EU are initiating proceedings against OpenAI. Here we go!
(tags: noyb.eu ai ethics ml privacy gdpr data-protection data-privacy)
Less than 100 trees in Dublin have a tree preservation order
…and 50% of those are in a single square in Dublin 6, Dartmouth Square.
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An efficient, in-place variant of radix sort that distributes items into hundreds of buckets. The first step counts the number of items in each bucket, and the second step computes where each bucket will start in the array. The last step cyclically permutes items to their proper bucket. Since the buckets are in order in the array, there is no collection step. The name comes by analogy with the Dutch national flag problem in the last step: efficiently partition the array into many “stripes”. Using some efficiency techniques, it is twice as fast as quicksort for large sets of strings. See also histogram sort. Note: This works especially well when sorting a byte at a time, using 256 buckets.
(tags: algorithms sorting sort radix-sort performance quicksort via:hn)
How web bloat impacts users with slow devices
CPU performance for web apps hasn’t scaled nearly as quickly as bandwidth so, while more of the web is becoming accessible to people with low-end connections, more of the web is becoming inaccessible to people with low-end devices even if they have high-end connections. For example, if I try browsing a “modern” Discourse-powered forum on a Tecno Spark 8C, it sometimes crashes the browser. Between crashes, on measuring the performance, the responsiveness is significantly worse than browsing a BBS with an 8 MHz 286 and a 1200 baud modem.
(tags: dan-luu performance web bloat cpu hardware internet profiling)
Ex-Amazon AI exec claims she was asked to ignore IP law
This is really appalling stuff, on two counts: (a) how does it not surprise me that maternity leave was considered “weak” and grounds for firing. (b) check this shit out:
According to Ghaderi’s account in the complaint, she returned to work after giving birth in January 2023, inheriting a large language model project. Part of her role was flagging violations of Amazon’s internal copyright policies and escalating these concerns to the in-house legal team. In March 2023, the filing claims, her team director, Andrey Styskin, challenged Ghaderi to understand why Amazon was not meeting its goals on Alexa search quality. The filing alleges she met with a representative from the legal department to explain her concerns and the tension they posed with the “direction she had received from upper management, which advised her to violate the direction from legal.” According to the complaint, Styskin rejected Ghaderi’s concerns, allegedly telling her to ignore copyright policies to improve the results. Referring to rival AI companies, the filing alleges he said: “Everyone else is doing it.”
Move fast and break laws!(tags: aws amazon llms alexa maternity-leave parenting parental-leave work dont-be-evil copyright ip ai)
“Randar” exploit for Minecraft
This is great — I love a good pRNG state-leakage exploit:
Every time a block is broken in Minecraft versions Beta 1.8 through 1.12.2, the precise coordinates of the dropped item can reveal another player’s location. “Randar” is an exploit for Minecraft which uses LLL lattice reduction to crack the internal state of an incorrectly reused java.util.Random in the Minecraft server, then works backwards from that to locate other players currently loaded into the world.
Don’t reuse those java.util.Randoms! (via Dan Hon)(tags: exploits security infosec minecraft prngs rngs random coding via:danhon)
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It seems the UK have created a “Trusted Research Environment” for working with the extremely privacy-sensitive datasets around NHS users’ health data, using OpenSAFELY; it is basically a hosting environment allowing the execution of user-submitted Python query code, which must be open source, hosted on Github, designed with care to avoid releasing user-identifying sensitive data, and of course fully auditable. This looks like a decent advance in privacy-sensitive technology! Example code, from the OpenSAFELY tutorial docs: “` from ehrql import create_dataset from ehrql.tables.core import patients, medications dataset = create_dataset() dataset.define_population(patients.date_of_birth.is_on_or_before(“1999-12-31”)) asthma_codes = [“39113311000001107”, “39113611000001102”] latest_asthma_med = ( medications.where(medications.dmd_code.is_in(asthma_codes)) .sort_by(medications.date) .last_for_patient() ) dataset.asthma_med_date = latest_asthma_med.date dataset.asthma_med_code = latest_asthma_med.dmd_code “`
(tags: privacy data-protection nhs medical-records medicine research python sql opensafely uk)
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This is, frankly, disgusting.
A new study from Dublin City University’s Anti-Bullying Centre shows that the recommender algorithms used by social media platforms are rapidly amplifying misogynistic and male supremacist content. The study, conducted by Professor Debbie Ging, Dr Catherine Baker and Dr Maja Andreasen, tracked, recorded and coded the content recommended to 10 experimental or ‘sockpuppet’ accounts on 10 blank smartphones – five on YouTube Shorts and five on TikTok. The researchers found that all of the male-identified accounts were fed masculinist, anti-feminist and other extremist content, irrespective of whether they sought out general or male supremacist-related content, and that they all received this content within the first 23 minutes of the experiment. Once the account showed interest by watching this sort of content, the amount rapidly increased. By the last round of the experiment (after 400 videos or two to three hours viewing), the vast majority of the content being recommended to the phones was toxic (TikTok 76% and YouTube Shorts 78%), primarily falling into the manosphere (alpha male and anti-feminist) category.
(tags: tiktok youtube hate misogyny dcu research social-media)
How many bathrooms have Neanderthals in the tile?
The [Reddit] poster is a dentist and visited his parents house to see the new travertine they installed. It’s no surprise that he recognized something right away: […] A section cut at a slight angle through a very humanlike jaw! […] The Reddit user who posted the story (Kidipadeli75) has followed up with some updates over the course of the day. The travertine was sourced in Turkey, and a close search of some of the other installed panels revealed some other interesting possible fossils, although none are as strikingly identifiable as the mandible. A number of professionals have reached out to offer assistance and I have no doubt that they will be able to learn a lot about the ancient person whose jaw ended up in this rock. This naturally raises a broader question: How many other people have installed travertine with hominin fossils inside?
(tags: reddit mandibles bones archaeology history neanderthals travertine turkey)
AI and Israel’s Dystopian Promise of War without Responsibility
From the Center for International Policy:
In Gaza we see an “indiscriminate” and “over the top” bombing campaign being actively rebranded by Israel as a technological step up, when in actuality there is currently no evidence that their so-called Gospel has produced results qualitatively better than those made by minds of flesh and blood. Instead, Israel’s AI has produced an endless list of targets with a decidedly lower threshold for civilian casualties. Human eyes and intelligence are demoted to rubber stamping a conveyor belt of targets as fast they can be bombed. It’s a path that the US military and policy makers should not only be wary of treading, but should reject loudly and clearly. In the future we may develop technology worthy of the name Artificial Intelligence, but we are not there yet. Currently the only promise a system such as Gospel AI holds is the power to occlude responsibility, to allow blame to fall on the machine picking the victims instead of the mortals providing the data.
(tags: ai war grim-meathook-future israel gaza automation war-crimes lavender gospel)
Quick plug for a good tool for self-hosting — Cronitor.io. I have been using this for the past year or so as I migrate more of my personal stuff off cloud and back onto self-hosted setups, and it’s been a really nice way to monitor simple cron-driven home workloads, and (together with graphite/grafana alerts) has saved my bacon many times. Integrates nicely with Slack, or even PagerDuty (although that would be overkill for my setup for sure).
90-GWh thermal energy storage facility could heat a city for a year
Some cool green engineering:
The project has a total volume of 1.1 million cubic meters (38.85 million cubic feet), including processing facilities, and will be built into [Vantaa]’s bedrock at around 100 m (330 ft) below ground – though the deepest parts of the setup could go down as far as 140 m. Three caverns will be created, each measuring 300 m (984.25 ft) in length, 40 m (131.2 ft) in height and 20 m (65.6 ft) in width. These will be filled with hot water by a pair of 60-MW electric boilers, powered by renewables when it’s cheap to do so. Pressure within the space allows for temperatures to get as high as 140 °C (284 °F) without the water boiling over or steaming away. Waste heat from industry will also feed the setup, with a smart control system balancing energy sources. The Varanto facility is reported to have a total thermal capacity of 90 GWh when “fully charged” – enough to meet the year-round domestic heating needs of a “medium-sized Finnish city.”
(tags: engineering finland district-heating energy energy-storage caves cool)
AWS told to pay $525M in cloud storage patent suit – The Register
“It is notable that none of the Kove patents in the case were actually granted by the US Patent and Trademark Office before the launch of Amazon S3, the first AWS service, on March 14, 2006. However, Kove states in its complaint that applications relating to these patents were filed on July 8, 1998, perhaps implying that Amazon should have been aware of the filings before the launch of its cloud platform.” Crappy software patenting strikes again.
(tags: swpats software patents patent-trolls kove aws s3 algorithms distributed-hash-tables consistent-hashing ip)
leaked Kremlin documents detailing current Russian troll tactics
A rare view into Russia’s current propaganda tactics, really useful to spot it in action:
In an ongoing campaign that seeks to influence congressional and other political debates to stoke anti-Ukraine sentiment, Kremlin-linked political strategists and trolls have written thousands of fabricated news articles, social media posts and comments that promote American isolationism, stir fear over the United States’ border security and attempt to amplify U.S. economic and racial tensions, according to a trove of internal Kremlin documents obtained by a European intelligence service […] One of the political strategists … instructed a troll farm employee working for his firm to write a comment of “no more than 200 characters in the name of a resident of a suburb of a major city.” The strategist suggested that this fictitious American “doesn’t support the military aid that the U.S. is giving Ukraine and considers that the money should be spent defending America’s borders and not Ukraine’s. He sees that Biden’s policies are leading the U.S. toward collapse.” … The files are part of a series of leaks that have allowed a rare glimpse into Moscow’s parallel efforts to weaken support for Ukraine in France and Germany, as well as destabilize Ukraine itself … [via] the creation of websites designed to impersonate legitimate media outlets in Europe, part of a campaign that Western officials have called “Doppelganger”. Plans by Gambashidze’s team refer to using “short-lived” social media accounts aimed at avoiding detection. Social media manipulators have established a technique of using accounts to send out links to material and then deleting their posts or accounts once others have reshared the content. The idea is to obscure the true origin of misleading information and keep the channel open for future influence operations, disinformation researchers said. Propaganda operatives have used another technique to spread just a web address, rather than the words in a post, to frustrate searches for that material, according to the social media research company Alethea, which called the tactic “writing with invisible ink.” Other obfuscation tricks include redirecting viewers through a series of seemingly random websites until they arrive at a deceptive article. One of the documents reviewed by The Post called for the use of Trump’s Truth Social platform as the only way to disseminate posts “without censorship,” while “short-lived” accounts would be created for Facebook, Twitter (now known as X) and YouTube. “You just have to push content every single day … someone will stumble over it, a politician or celebrity will find it over time just based on the availability of content.”
“Flooding the zone with shit”, as Steve Bannon put it.(tags: propaganda russia tactics spam trolls troll-farms destabilization social-media)
How Tech Giants Cut Corners to Harvest Data for A.I. – The New York Times
Can’t wait for all the lawsuits around this stuff.
Meta could not match ChatGPT unless it got more data, Mr. Al-Dahle told colleagues. In March and April 2023, some of the company’s business development leaders, engineers and lawyers met nearly daily to tackle the problem. [….] They also talked about how they had summarized books, essays and other works from the internet without permission and discussed sucking up more, even if that meant facing lawsuits. One lawyer warned of “ethical” concerns around taking intellectual property from artists but was met with silence, according to the recordings.
(tags: ai copyright data training openai meta google privacy surveillance data-protection ip)
Python Mutable Defaults Are The Source of All Evil
This is a nasty Python gotcha; worth knowing about:
Do not use mutable default arguments in Python, unless you have a REALLY good reason to do so. Why? Because it can lead to all sorts of nasty and horrible bugs, give you headaches and waste everyone’s time. Instead, default to None and assign the mutable value inside the function.
(tags: python gotchas coding errors bugs mutability programming)
CISA report on the Storm-0558 2023 intrusion into Microsoft Exchange Online
Jesus this is rough!
In May and June 2023, a threat actor compromised the Microsoft Exchange Online mailboxes of 22 organizations and over 500 individuals around the world. The actor—known as Storm-0558 and assessed to be affiliated with the People’s Republic of China in pursuit of espionage objectives—accessed the accounts using authentication tokens that were signed by a key Microsoft had created in 2016. This intrusion compromised senior United States government representatives working on national security matters, including the email accounts of Commerce Secretary Gina Raimondo, United States Ambassador to the People’s Republic of China R. Nicholas Burns, and Congressman Don Bacon. Signing keys, used for secure authentication into remote systems, are the cryptographic equivalent of crown jewels for any cloud service provider. As occurred in the course of this incident, an adversary in possession of a valid signing key can grant itself permission to access any information or systems within that key’s domain. A single key’s reach can be enormous, and in this case the stolen key had extraordinary power. In fact, when combined with another flaw in Microsoft’s authentication system, the key permitted Storm-0558 to gain full access to essentially any Exchange Online account anywhere in the world. As of the date of this report, Microsoft does not know how or when Storm-0558 obtained the signing key. […] The Board finds that this intrusion was preventable and should never have occurred. The Board also concludes that Microsoft’s security culture was inadequate and requires an overhaul, particularly in light of the company’s centrality in the technology ecosystem and the level of trust customers place in the company to protect their data and operations. The Board reaches this conclusion based on: 1. the cascade of Microsoft’s avoidable errors that allowed this intrusion to succeed; 2. Microsoft’s failure to detect the compromise of its cryptographic crown jewels on its own, relying instead on a customer to reach out to identify anomalies the customer had observed; 3. the Board’s assessment of security practices at other cloud service providers, which maintained security controls that Microsoft did not; 4. Microsoft’s failure to detect a compromise of an employee’s laptop from a recently acquired company prior to allowing it to connect to Microsoft’s corporate network in 2021; 5. Microsoft’s decision not to correct, in a timely manner, its inaccurate public statements about this incident, including a corporate statement that Microsoft believed it had determined the likely root cause of the intrusion when in fact, it still has not; even though Microsoft acknowledged to the Board in November 2023 that its September 6, 2023 blog post about the root cause was inaccurate, it did not update that post until March 12, 2024, as the Board was concluding its review and only after the Board’s repeated questioning about Microsoft’s plans to issue a correction; 6. the Board’s observation of a separate incident, disclosed by Microsoft in January 2024, the investigation of which was not in the purview of the Board’s review, which revealed a compromise that allowed a different nation-state actor to access highly-sensitive Microsoft corporate email accounts, source code repositories, and internal systems; and 7. how Microsoft’s ubiquitous and critical products, which underpin essential services that support national security, the foundations of our economy, and public health and safety, require the company to demonstrate the highest standards of security, accountability, and transparency. Throughout this review, the Board identified a series of Microsoft operational and strategic decisions that collectively point to a corporate culture that deprioritized both enterprise security investments and rigorous risk management.
(via Graham on ITC Slack)(tags: cisa reports security infosec microsoft exchange china storm-0558 hacking incidents)
‘The machine did it coldly’: Israel used AI to identify 37,000 Hamas targets
War crime automation. This is really disgusting:
Two sources said that during the early weeks of the war they were permitted to kill 15 or 20 civilians during airstrikes on low-ranking militants. Attacks on such targets were typically carried out using [cheaper] unguided munitions known as “dumb bombs”, the sources said, destroying entire homes and killing all their occupants.
(tags: ai israel war genocide gaza grim war-crimes collateral-damage)
How to set up a Zappi to avoid draining solar batteries
This has been an issue with my solar PV setup; I have a Zappi car charger, feeding from either the grid, solar PV, or a 5kW battery charged from solar. During the daytime, I normally want it to only draw power from the solar PV — I want to save the battery for normal household usage instead of “wasting” it on the car, which can be charged more cheaply at night. This suggestion from the MyEnergi support site details what sounds like a fairly easy way to get this working, by only charging the car when the PV is feeding excess energy back to the grid. This should only happen once either the batteries are full, or there’s more power being generated than can safely be used to charge the batteries (since there’s a limited input power rate for charging those). If this doesn’t work, I have a work-in-progress HomeAssistant script which I’ve been working on, but it’s significantly more complex with many more moving parts, so hopefully can be avoided.
(tags: solar-pv sustainability home zappi power hacks automation)
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Here’s Danny O’Brien’s obit, at HN. Ross Anderson was one of the most significant figures in the security community, and a hero of mine for sure — he was able to clearly discover and elucidate real-world impact of computer security issues, particularly in the banking system and digital rights. His death is a great loss. RIP :(
(tags: ross-anderson obituaries security infosec banking uk computer-science danny-obrien)
Everything I know about the XZ backdoor
This has been the most exciting security event in years. The xz compression library was compromised, in a very specific and careful way, involving years of a “long game”, seemingly to allow remote code execution via crafted public key material, to the OpenSSH sshd: “It is a RCE backdoor, where sshd is used as the first step: It listens for connections, and when so patched, invokes the malignant liblzma, which in turn executes a stage 2 that finally executes the payload which is provided to sshd in a part of the encrypted public key given to it as the credential (which doesn’t need to be authentic to be harmful).” (gentoo bug 928134) More info: https://gist.github.com/thesamesam/223949d5a074ebc3dce9ee78baad9e27 I hope this drives less use of complex transitive dependency chains in security critical software like OpenSSH. Careful “vendoring” of libraries, and an overall reduction of library code (djb-style!) would help avoid this kind of attack…. if it’s ever really possible to avoid this kind of state-level attack sophistication. I have to send my sympathies to Lasse Collin, the original maintainer of xz-utils, who it appears was conned into passing control to an attacker intent on subverting the lib in order to plant the backdoor. Not a fun spot to be in.
(tags: oss open-source security openssh ssh xz backdoors rce lzma transitive-dependencies)
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DOOM is now running IN SPACE, onboard the ESA OPS-SAT satellite. “How We Got Here — A vision brewing for 13 years: 2011: Georges [Labreche] stumbles on what would become his favorite SMBC comic, thank you Zach! 2020: Georges joins the OPS-SAT-1 mission control team as a Spacecraft Operations Engineer at the European Space Agency (ESA). Visions of running DOOM on a space computer intensifies. 2023: The reality of a 2024 end-of-mission by atmospheric re-entry starts to hit hard. The spacecraft’s impending doom (see what I did there?) is a wake-up call to get serious about running DOOM in space before it’s too late. 2024: Georges has been asking around for help with compiling and deploying DOOM for the spacecraft’s ARM32 onboard computer but isn’t making progress. One night, instead of sleeping, he is trapped doomscrolling (ha!) on Instagram and stumbles on a reel from Ólafur [Waage]’s “Doom on GitHub Actions” talk at NDC TechTown 2023: Playing Video Games One Frame at a Time. After sliding into the DM, the rest is history.”
Ribbon filter: Practically smaller than Bloom and Xor
Building on some prior lines of research, the Ribbon filter combines a simplified, faster, and more flexible construction algorithm; a data layout optimized for filter queries; and near-continuous configurability to make a practical alternative to static (immutable) Bloom filters. While well-engineered Bloom filters are extremely fast, they use roughly 50 percent more space (overhead) than the information-theoretic lower bound for filters on arbitrary keys. When Bloom filters cannot meet an application’s space efficiency targets, Ribbon filter variants dominate in space-versus-time trade-offs with near continuous configurability and space overhead as low as 1 percent or less. Ribbon filters have O(1) query times and save roughly 1/3 of memory compared with Bloom filters. At Facebook’s scale, we expect Ribbon filters to save several percent of RAM resources, with a tiny increase in CPU usage for some major storage systems. However, we do not implement efficiency gains at all engineering costs, so it’s also important to have a user-friendly data structure. This issue stalled implementation of other Bloom alternatives offering some space savings. The Ribbon filter opens these new trade-offs without introducing notable discontinuities or hazards in the configuration space. In other words, there is some complexity to make Ribbon filters general and highly configurable, but these details can be hidden behind a relatively simple API. You have essentially free choice over any three of the four core performance dimensions — number of keys added to the set, memory usage, CPU efficiency, and accuracy — and the accuracy is automatically well optimized.
(via Tony Finch)(tags: via:fanf algorithms facebook programming ribbon-filters data-structures bloom-filters set-membership papers)
Deep dive into Facebook’s MITM hacking of customer phones
This is frankly disgusting, and I hope FB (and their engineers) get the book thrown at them. Back in 2019, Facebook wanted to snoop on SnapChat, YouTube and Amazon user activity, so they used Onavo, a VPN provider they had acquired in 2013, and added code to their Android VPN app to MITM user SSL traffic to their hosts, then phone home with analytics and logs regarding user activity on those apps and sites. This Twitter thread is a detailed teardown of what the surveillance “VPN” app got up to. The bad news: back in 2019, installing a MITM SSL cert didn’t even pop up a warning on Android. The good news: this is significantly harder to do on modern Android devices, as it requires remounting a system filesystem in read/write mode (which needs a jailbreak).
(tags: android security mitm exploits hacking facebook onavo snapchat surveillance youtube amazon vpns ssl tls)
Nutrition Science’s Most Preposterous Result
This is hilarious: “Back in 2018, a Harvard doctoral student … was presenting his research on the relationship between dairy foods and chronic disease to his thesis committee. One of his studies had led him to an unusual conclusion: Among diabetics, eating half a cup of ice cream a day was associated with a lower risk of heart problems.” Of course, suggesting that a dessert loaded with sugar and saturated fat might be good for you was anathema. This paper wasn’t the first to uncover the awkward fact — there had been decades of research attempting to p-hack around it, but with a lack of success:
The Harvard researchers didn’t like the ice-cream finding: It seemed wrong. But the same paper had given them another result that they liked much better. The team was going all in on yogurt. With a growing reputation as a boon for microbiomes, yogurt was the anti-ice-cream—the healthy person’s dairy treat. “Higher intake of yogurt is associated with a reduced risk” of type 2 diabetes, “whereas other dairy foods and consumption of total dairy are not,” the 2014 paper said. “The conclusions weren’t exactly accurately written,” acknowledged Dariush Mozaffarian, the dean of policy at Tufts’s nutrition school and a co-author of the paper, when he revisited the data with me in an interview. “Saying no foods were associated—ice cream was associated.”
(tags: p-hacking research ice-cream diabetes health fat sugar diet nutrition)
Rediscovering Things of Science
A page celebrating “Things of Science”, a fantastic hands-on educational program for budding scientists in the 1960s, which came as a series of individual kits, each focusing on a specific topic. I was lucky enough to have been gifted a (second-hand, though barely used) set of Geoffrey Young’s kits during my childhood in the late 1970s, and this brings back memories…
(tags: science education things-of-science kits ace)